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The world that we are facing is one that we won't necessarily be comfortable with.

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I honestly think we're reaching an adapter dive point.

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There is no reason to believe our present stage of development is the end of the line.

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What we evolved to may not look like the present human race anymore than we are like the apes,

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but they will be our direct descendants.

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We've met the enemy in a dive.

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Great hulking factories, monuments to efficiency in the golden promise of the industrial age.

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This was high technology, circa 1940, but in less than a lifetime, the future that was built for us is obsolete.

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Hello, I'm Tim White, and on this special edition of Sightings, the future. Where do we go from here?

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On this special edition of Sightings, the future, genetic perfection achieved.

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We can expect biological and electronic components to come together in the future to create super organisms that will be a new form of life.

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The future, human beings become heart machine.

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What if we've got this nice interface between us and the machine which allows us to think in the machine world?

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Then we're effectively a different species.

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The future, secrets of immortality are revealed.

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Perhaps in the future you'll go to the doctor and simply get a shot by which you can begin to change your genetic makeup to perhaps extend the human lifespan.

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The future, silicon chips and human brain cells mate.

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The project currently is to develop computer chips that will function just like a part of the brain.

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The future, artificial intelligence, humanoid robots, behavior modification, warring machines, replaceable body parts, download your brain, live forever.

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Imagine a whole body that's there and can't be hurt and yet it still has your soul and your brain in it. It's a whole new human race.

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Or are we engineering our own demise?

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In the future battlefield I'll be out there and a terminated robot will walk up to you with a huge weapon, shake my hand and then it'll blow me away.

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It's not fiction. The future is now. But is it the end of humanity or the next step in human evolution?

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Stuff that sounds insane right now is probably going to happen in another 15 or 20 years.

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It's a sighting special in depth and beyond. Biopropection, building the new human race.

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This silent, rusting dinosaur of the 20th century is extinct as foretold not by the great thinkers of our day, but by street corner prophets.

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The end is near, they proclaim. And as the 21st century approaches, some say the end is now.

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The end is near.

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This is the future as predicted by the prophets of the past, war, fire, panic, plague.

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And in this frightening millennial vision, it's two minutes till apocalypse.

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Chief among these doomsday predictors is Michel Nostradamus. He's been dead for more than 400 years, but his prophetic words still resonate.

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Perhaps because Nostradamus' predictions have been so accurate. Perhaps because his vision of the 21st century is so disturbing.

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Nostradamus went into print during the 16th century and he has stayed in print continuously for those 400 years until today.

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I believe the main reason why Nostradamus has been so popular is because he's been so successful.

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Author John Hoog has spent more than 20 years interpreting the cryptic prophecies of Nostradamus.

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The interest people have now for four and a half centuries almost of Nostradamus comes from two factors.

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He's so obscure that every generation can pin some idea of the future on him.

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And there are a few hundred of his prophecies that aren't obscure at all.

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That name names, mention dates, mention things that are beyond chance,

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which shows that whatever he's hiding behind that, which is brew of syntax, may be quantum futures that we can access.

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Accessing that future may never be more important than it is right now.

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According to Nostradamus, the year 1999 is the beginning of the end.

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In the year 2000, they're about something is going to end, but it's not the world.

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It may be the world that we understand now, but it's not the world outside, it's the world inside.

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Is it possible that the 16th century prophet who foretold the rise and fall of the Third Reich

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has also left us an equally accurate warning about what will happen when the Tuesday clock strikes 12?

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Other ancient systems of prophecy seem to support Nostradamus.

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There are many time cycles coming to an end.

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The most famous is the Mayan calendar. It's also the most accurate. 2012 time ends.

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The Maya calendar runs out in the year 2012.

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Is this a message from the past about our future? Is 2012 the end of time or the end of us?

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What I think about that is that time, at least as far as the ancient and dead Mayans are concerned, is ending.

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But time will not end. Time will renew. A new cycle is coming, a new age.

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And strikingly similar predictions about this new age have been passed down for centuries from shaman to shaman in the remote Andes.

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When the Spanish came, we knew there was going to be a period of darkness.

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That period, when the Spanish arrived, is known as the 9th Pachacute, and our leaders knew it would come.

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My people knew that a time of darkness was coming.

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Don Videl Sanchez is a Peruvian shaman whose ancestors were part of the great incarnation of Peru.

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His people are the people of Machu Picchu.

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He is descended from prophets who foretold their own demise at the hands of conquistadors and who passed down to Don Sanchez, their vision of the next millennium.

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The era of the 9th Pachacute ended in 1992, after 500 years, and then began the 10th Pachacute.

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According to the Mayans and the Incas, the earth must change by the year 2013.

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This new era will last for four and a half million years.

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And after that will be the end of that era, but not the end of the world.

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For indigenous peoples around the world, the earth continues to turn and nature continues to take its course.

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Their prophecies are based on the inevitabilities of their natural world, but in a world ruled by technology, who is looking into our future?

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I thought that if we could predict the future, we would be less anxious about it.

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In the late 20th century, one man has brought technology and prophecy together for the first time.

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Terence McKenna is a writer and researcher who has developed a vision of the future that is alarming in its eerie similarity to what the Maya calendar has predicted.

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McKenna's calendar, called the Time Wave, is based on the Chinese fortune telling system called the Yi Qing.

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And according to the Time Wave, the end is very near.

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The creation of the Time Wave arose out of thinking about the Yi Qing, thinking about the way the hexagrams of the Yi Qing are arranged.

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And out of that came a mathematical algorithm that obviously wanted to be a calendar.

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And when I looked at it as a calendar, I saw that it described the ebb and flow of change in history.

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In the Yi Qing, mathematical patterns called hexagrams trace the ups and downs of human life.

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But when applied to the timeline of history, the Yi Qing seems to trace the ups and downs of all humanity.

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Here, 1356, the Black Death, a third of the population of Europe, dies.

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And here, the culmination of the Italian Renaissance in 1492 with the discovery of the New World.

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Over here, the American and the French revolutions. Here's World War II. And here's us.

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McKenna says that his Time Wave doesn't distinguish between the past and the future, and that it successfully marks all of history's most significant events.

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So the predictions of the past give us confidence that what it's saying about the future will also turn out to be true.

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On exactly December 21st, 2012, the year the Mayas said would be the end of time,

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McKenna's Time Wave calendar dips off the chart into infinity. Is this the apocalypse?

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I predict the most novel event in the history of the world in 2012. I don't see it in this day.

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We see enormous concentration of novel change. And for a conservative mind, that might look like Doomsday.

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But it isn't Doomsday. It's simply that we are moving deeper and deeper into uncharted territory, novel territory.

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And that's frightening to some people and exhilarating to others.

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So where exactly is this uncharted territory on the millennial frontier?

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Many great thinkers say it can be found just beyond the intersection of humanity and technology.

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In the last 2,000 years of science, we've been observers to the dance of nature.

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We've wondered, why is it that things grow? Why is it the sun shines? Why is it that our brains can function?

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For the last 2,000 years, those were unsolvable mysteries. In the next period of time, we will be able to manipulate matter, life and intelligence almost at will.

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I do think we are at a crossroads. I think that we are rapidly maturing to the point where we might be wise enough to deal with some of the terrible decisions we're going to have to make.

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We passed one big test. We didn't blow up the world during 50 years of nuclear brinksmanship. That's one for us.

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Now we're going to have to pass tests dealing with cloning, nanotechnology, organic engineering, biological warfare, the communications revolution.

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We're going to have to pass all these tests over the course of the next 50 years.

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But who will we be in 2012, 2050 and beyond? Will we still be all flesh and blood or will we be part human, part machine?

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Will computers control us in the same way that we now dominate and control the animal kingdom?

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Are we at humanity's end or is this the beginning of a new stage in the evolution of the species and the planet?

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We now have the scientific expertise and the technical capacity to produce paradise or hell on this planet.

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That's the source of our anxiety about the future because we know that it belongs to us.

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What will we build from the raw materials of the present? How will we configure the world if technology is God and clean rooms are our houses of worship?

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No one knows, especially since we're only now beginning to understand what the choices are.

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Biological perfection, behavior modification. Are we playing genetic roulette trying to create the new human?

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Later, rebuilding the species with spare parts, the era of the bionic human is coming.

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I could see it happening and then you're really going to have superhuman.

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When Henry Ford perfected the assembly line at the turn of the last century, he single-handedly created an industrial complex that transformed the world.

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At the turn of the next century, scientists are predicting Ford's assembly line mentality will remain alive and well, cranking out rubber-stamped humans.

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Up to the past to the present day period of time, we were basically observers of nature. We could only look and wonder about the dance of nature.

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Today, we are becoming master choreographers of nature. We're able to manipulate life for the first time in terms of DNA.

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Right now, in thousands of laboratories around the world, scientists, corporations and governments are manipulating life at the genetic level, creating novel new forms of bacteria and viruses, creating novel new forms of plants, creating new transgenic animals,

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and now even beginning to use genetic surgery to change the genetic constructions of human beings.

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The day is fast approaching when we will no longer be able to let nature take its course because nature is no match for genetic manipulation.

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Through the Human Genome Project, I believe we're really opening the door to looking at our own genetics and we're going to manipulate it.

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Well underway at the National Institutes of Health, the Human Genome Project is a monumental undertaking that is mapping the more than 100,000 genes in the human body.

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Any criteria they come up with is still based on the idea of creating a more perfect, more efficient organism so that you cannot really divorce the discussion of eugenics from this new technology.

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Nazi Germany funded the earliest research into eugenics. They attempted to create superior humans by breeding children from exemplary Aryans, and by slaughtering millions of people they considered inferior.

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I think actually what's very interesting about the Nazis and their appalling attempts at eugenics is that in fact virtually all the science they did was almost entirely useless.

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None of their genetic or breeding work I think has had any impact at all, and so there's an added impetus to protect society from that sort of experimentation.

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The Nazis had the point of view that if you weren't of the right biological type, they were going to kill you, or castrate you or something, and that's me loath them.

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And as an evolutionary biologist I think it's a disaster because you need as much variation as you can get.

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But if Hitler's diabolical research machine had had today's knowledge of genetics, it may very well have succeeded in creating carbon copy Nazis.

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And with the imminent breaking of the genetic code, any future manipulator of our human destiny will have control on a molecular level.

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By the year 2005, the first human will have a complete readout of all 100,000 or so genes.

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And by the year 2010, we're going to have many of the 5,000 genetic defects like Tay-Sachs, sicklecellenemia, cystic fibrosis, completely deciphered.

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And then by the year 2020, magic is going to happen.

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By the year 2020, we'll have the ability to have individual genetic printouts.

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Even without a complete map of our genetic code, gene manipulation of plants and animals is already underway.

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From the fruits and vegetables we farm to the pigs and cows we breed, genetic restructuring is commonplace.

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So how long will it be before someone, somewhere, begins to work on humans?

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To clone people, all you have to have is $10,000 and a bachelor's degree in genetic engineering.

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That's all it takes to begin the process of cloning.

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So I think there are very large potential dangers if this gets out of control.

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The possibility of cloning with humans is imminent.

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It's going to happen next year, the year after. It's going to happen somewhere very soon.

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So what will our cloned world look like? Will you walk into a bar and see perfect pairs of perfect people?

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We always say our motto in the restaurant is you can only make a first impression once, we make it twice.

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And we're looking for triplets now, so we have a pair with this bear so if one gets sick we have two left.

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But we also specialize in single-mold scotches because it's the only single thing we have in the restaurant besides two of ours.

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And if one were to have a clone, what would your relationship be to that person?

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It's like having your most annoying quality standing next to you for the rest of your life but you can't get rid of it and you can't divorce them.

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I think people misunderstand cloning if they think that the second person or the third person who comes into being as a replica of the first

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is the same person in some way, physically, religiously, spiritually.

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Religiously you would say no, they don't have the same soul but also physically they don't have the same brain or brain patterns or the same experiences.

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Will we use cloning to create cloned drones who can be trained to perform the mundane tasks that we superior humans load?

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Or will we keep a cloned body on ice from which we can harvest spare parts?

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The vision actually is of a human sort of biomorph, a brain-dead human being that's grown for body parts which is really grotesque vision of the future.

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And it's something that's very, very likely to happen.

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And with mice, an elementary form of this kind of biomorphing is happening right now at the University of Southern California.

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USC researchers may have isolated the genes responsible for pathological violence and have bred them into these mice.

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They are called super-thug mice and if left alone long enough, these transgenic mutations will tear each other limb from limb.

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So we'll have tremendous impact in the future because right now we don't understand that much about the molecular basis of these behaviors.

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And once we understand that, we can design treatment for these behaviors and modify the behavior and that will help the society.

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The goal is to breed out sociopathic behaviors and then to breed in those biological qualities humans lack or just want more of.

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Within about 10 years or so, we should isolate the main genes concerning aging and perhaps within 20 years we'll begin to see the manipulation of these with gene therapy.

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Perhaps in the future you'll go to the doctor and simply get a shot, just like you get an antibiotic shot today, or a vaccine, a shot by which you can begin to change your genetic makeup to perhaps extend the human lifespan.

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The biological clock is ticking for all of us and no one understands this better than Dr. Michael Rose.

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He has spent the last 20 years trying to unlock the genetic code for aging.

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Ultimately, through breathing experiments with fruit flies, Dr. Rose believes he will be able to slow down or even reverse a process that has always been thought to be irreversible.

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Nobody, when I started, knew that people could do what I have been doing for the last two decades and people still don't.

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People still don't know that aging is something we can easily control, manipulate in shape and it's no fundamental deal.

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Most of all, I just myself included 20 years of thought.

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Aging was a really fundamental preset feature of each particular organism's life.

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Couldn't change it.

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No, we can change it.

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The fruit flies that Dr. Rose is breathing now will live twice as long as normal flies.

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If an equivalent breathing program were applied to humans, we would live for 200 years.

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One way to put it is to say when normal flies are 90% dead, 80% of these flies are still alive and leading very vigorous lives.

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They're acting like young flies and they act like young flies for a very long time indeed.

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Given current advances in gene manipulation and pharmaceutical research, Dr. Rose believes that in the future, it will not be uncommon to meet someone who is 200, 300 or even 400 years old.

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Consider this, in the last 150 years alone, we've already doubled the human lifespan.

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There's almost no question about what's going to happen.

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Somebody working with some simple organism, whether it's a mouse or a fruit fly, will discover a particular pathway that is associated with greatly increased lifespan.

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And they will discover pharmaceuticals that intervene in that pathway, that you can produce the change synthetically without doing a genetic change.

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And then they will try that pharmaceutical in humans.

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While science continues to make tremendous strides in life extension experiments, relatively little attention is being paid to what impact those experiments will have on society and on the planet itself.

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We pose that dilemma to one of the greatest thinkers of the 20th century, physicist Dr. Stephen Pockey.

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If we want to live forever, there's an awful lot to fix.

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Anyway, living forever wouldn't be much good.

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With human development through genetic engineering, one would soon get hopelessly obsolete.

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An awful lot of time and money is being spent on genetic engineering and genetic manipulation, while very little has been done to develop a real working code of ethics.

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This is the most powerful technology ever conceived by the human race.

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We now are on the cusp of a new era where we can become the architects in part of our own biological destiny.

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What are the environmental implications?

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The philosophical, ethical and moral implications?

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The social and cultural implications of playing God with the genetic code of the biology of this planet?

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If you place a genetically engineered bacteria or virus or even a plant into ecosystems and then it runs amuck, how do you clean it up?

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How do you constrain it? How do you bring it back to the lab?

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So because they're alive, they reproduce, they mutate, they migrate, you can't recall them to the laboratory.

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We're dealing with ecological roulette.

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Every time we place a novel genetically engineered organism into the environment.

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What's really frightening is that at this point, no one's minding the store of human knowledge.

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It's up to the individuals who are creating the future to decide, is it working? Is it sane? Is it moral?

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Coming up next on Sightings, out of disaster, the bionic human is born.

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It's a future where disability is eliminated with spare parts.

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Maybe in 40 years I won't need to worry about an organic hand, maybe I'll just be able to get some kind of mechanical contrivance.

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In the 20th century, machines were the slave of humankind.

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Silent partners, ours to command the push of a button.

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Well now the lines are being blurred because scientists are experimenting with new ways of merging man and machine.

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The goal to cheat disability and death.

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A violent accident, the pilot's fragile body blown apart.

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In speculative fiction, television and film, from this disaster would come a bionic human, a cyborg, part man, part machine.

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A human replicant, refashioned in a medical workshop out of spare parts to house a brain that needs a body to survive.

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And it's happening right now. We may not be quite ready to create the $6 million man, at least not for that price,

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but we are on the verge of a future where we will not only re-engineer who we are, but also rebuild ourselves in an infinite number of ways.

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A discus thrower, a surfer, pioneers on the frontier of physical empowerment.

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Each has been changed, augmented, enhanced they would tell you, through advances in biological technology.

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Bionics, prosthetics and microsurgery are merging and changing lives.

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Sean Brown is an amateur athlete at Mesa College in Arizona.

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When he's not competing in track and field at football, Brown is helping to develop new and better body parts based on his personal experiences.

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Sean has worn a prosthetic left leg since 1991, and in that time he's set a number of world records throwing the discus.

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In fact, Brown throws farther on his prosthetic leg than he ever did before.

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When I got a hold of the list of the world records, it was down around 144 feet or something like that, like 44 meters,

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which I knew I could throw that without even a day of training.

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So I knew that there was an opportunity for me to come in and establish myself as a dominant discus thrower.

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And it wasn't just winning at the time, it was just breaking a world record.

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I was fortunate enough to have eight consecutive world records.

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Nicolette Gibson was born without her right arm.

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As a child, she was fitted with one of the very first myoelectric prosthetic arms.

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She sees herself as a biotech pioneer.

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I think it's been a benefit growing up with it, actually.

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Part of it's been that I've overcome it.

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And so, you know, it gives me a lot of confidence.

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Like, I can go out there and surf, and I was a professional snowboarder and a nationally ranked tennis player,

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and I got a lot more attention than anyone else that was a professional snowboarder.

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Because, you know, it was like I'd gone one step further than them.

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Tom Goothe heads RGP Prosthetics Research Center.

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For the past 30 years, he has been designing, engineering, and fitting state-of-the-art prostheses for physically active men and women.

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As a result, Dr. Goothe has gotten comfortable with creating the impossible, whether for now or in the near future.

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I've always taken an interest in athletes for two reasons.

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One is they're asking me to do things that most prosthetists will tell their amputees they can't do.

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And so I thought, well, this challenges me because I have to create something for these people that seems impossible.

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We're working with another doctor over here at the university, and he's mapping the brain.

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And he was using arm amputees because in our brain we're finding out what makes what function,

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and what they're trying to do is enhance that.

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Well, prosthetics will be able to enhance that once they get to the point where they're put on a permanent, more like a Luke Skywalker.

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So you'd actually have a stronger arm or hand than a normal person.

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I'll probably end up, you know, having a better, stronger arm than everyone else out there.

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And that's kind of what I'm hoping for down the line when they can make an arm that lets go quickly,

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and that is waterproof, and definitely I'll have superpowers to something like that.

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I think what you're going to end up having is a prosthesis implanted on a patient.

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And the thing that's going to, has been stopping that from happening is the fact that we have no artificial skin

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that will group up to the regular skin and grow together.

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I don't know what year that'll happen, but it will happen, and the skin will cover the whole thing,

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and it'll heal itself if it gets punctured. That's probably where prosthetics will go.

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But the day they have it on the market where you can go in and get the bionic leg made

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and cover it with actual flesh, I'd probably be the first to go for it.

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Judging by how much it's moved in the last 20 years, it wouldn't be unrealistic to say that it could be in the next 20.

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The mechanics of artificial limbs are nearly as sophisticated as real flesh and blood,

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so the next step for researchers is inevitable.

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I thought, well, what's going to happen? Are we going to have limb transplants down the road?

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Are we going to be generically able to regrow our limbs? We know that the DNA is all there.

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How come it stops after birth? How come after a couple of years we don't grow anymore?

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And actually I met a few doctors that were working on those projects.

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An arm transplant. That's what I really want. Let me know if anyone out there is finding one.

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That would be ideal.

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For Gibson, transplantation seems more like a dream than a realistic possibility.

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But for engineer Mark Pauline, this seemingly impossible has already happened.

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While experimenting with an engine and highly volatile fuel, Pauline lost most of his hand in a devastating explosion.

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I was tapping a pin out and it detonated and practically killed me.

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And it blew all the fingers off of my hand, except for this one, which they were able to reattach.

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I had a part taken off my back to replace this.

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And I had a toe from one foot and a toe from another foot placed on my hand, where I can see them more easily.

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It's not a pretty sight. One which Pauline hopes to rectify by being the first to have a complete hand transplant with breakthrough micro-surgery.

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I'm the first in line. Once the technology is mature enough that I won't be making a horrible mistake by doing that,

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I'll be one of the first in line to get someone a cadaver's hand installed.

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And so I'm looking forward to that.

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It is theoretically and technically possible right now to take a donor hand and put it on someone else's body.

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The issues with that are rejection issues and there are emotional and psychological issues.

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The person would have to be looking at somebody else's hand on a daily basis, somebody else's tissue and flesh,

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and there would certainly be emotional, moral and ethical implications with that.

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And then again, maybe in 40 years I won't need to worry about an organic hand.

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Maybe I'll just be able to get some kind of mechanical contrivance, which would be that much better.

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Certainly an interesting horse race.

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I think that is a reality and I think the prosthetics will be implanted. You won't be able to tell the difference.

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I'd say the year 2050 will be getting close to that.

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With astounding advances in medical and mechanical technology and with brilliant and courageous men and women willing to push the biological envelope,

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it appears that the sky's the limit.

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You mean are you ever going to be able to go to the shelf and get a body part and put it on somebody?

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Right now I can't envision that, but you certainly never know.

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The real issue with that is going to be moral and ethical issues that I think probably are going to need to be dealt with ahead of time.

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Some people think that perhaps we are going to be creating our future bodies.

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Perhaps one of these days we will merge with our creation.

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Already it's possible to have artificial hands, artificial legs made out of steel.

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Maybe one of these days we'll trade in bodies of flesh for bodies of steel,

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because that will give us in some sense a form of immortality.

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I could see it happening and then you're really going to have superhumans because it starts with an arm that gives me more power.

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I mean imagine a whole body that's there and can't be hurt and waterproof and stronger and yet it still has your soul and your brain in it.

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It's a whole new human race, right?

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At the University of Cambridge, some of humanity's most basic prejudices are being redefined for the future.

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Among them, what is disability?

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At the Department for Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, a man whose body is wracked by disease can still communicate his revolutionary discoveries about the birth of the universe.

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Dr. Stephen J. Hawking has Lou Garrick's disease.

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He cannot speak, can move only a few muscles and yet his brilliant mind is undamaged.

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He communicates to the world through a process of word selection on a computer, which then translates the signal to voice synthesizer.

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I would expect the total Hamiltonian would be gauged invariant.

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A newer version uses the world's smallest Pentium computer designed at Cambridge Adaptive Communications.

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Here, they specialize in freeing the mind from the constraints of an uncooperative body.

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It's all about allowing people who may be trapped because of their physical disabilities, it's going to allow them to start communicating with the outside world.

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I think it all helps towards making disabled people more equal.

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And now, Cambridge Adaptive Communications is taking Dr. Hawking's communication system one step further.

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They've put a computer directly into a man's brain.

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This gentleman has had to put into his brain as a small sensor on the surface of his brain that is going to pick up signals from him thinking.

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Paralyzed from the neck down in a motorcycle accident, Peter Gannicott is the first person to have a silicon chip implanted directly into his brain.

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There's a relay board and various interface bits of electronics inside his body.

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And he's actually just sending that as a radio signal, which can then be just translated into a switch press.

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The switch is designed to function just like Dr. Hawking's clicker.

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But before it can, the challenge will be to train Gannicott's mind to manipulate the chip in his brain through the electrical impulses of thought alone, a true merging of man and machine.

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At USC, another team of researchers is attempting to also merge man and machine.

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But this experiment goes one giant step further. The goal is to replace dysfunctional brain cells with computer chips.

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The project currently is to develop computer chips that will function just like a part of the brain called the hippocampus, which is responsible for forming new memories.

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It's the part of the brain you need to learn a new word to associate a name with a face or to remember a phone number.

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What these scientists are doing is creating mathematical models of these functions and then duplicating them in a computer.

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Once the computer can mimic these functions, it may be possible to download them back into a damaged brain.

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What we're now doing is trying to develop a brand new kind of computer chip that will serve as the interface between this computer model that we have and the real brain.

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And so the idea is to develop a set of computer chips that will mimic a brain function and then to be able to plug that computer model back into the brain.

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To essentially take the place of damaged brain regions or dysfunctional brain regions and to replace brain parts.

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We're building replacement parts for the brain, basically.

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The long-term goal is to implant the silicon neurons into living brain or living spinal cord.

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A real challenge is how then now to bring biological neurons to interface and connect with the silicon neurons.

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To do that, what we've begun to do is to grow neurons onto these silicon chips that have electrodes placed on top of them.

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Yes, that's right. We are now growing brain cells on computer chips.

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We're doing that so that we can create this interface between real brain cells and our computer chips.

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And it's through that kind of interface that we hope to connect our computer models back up to the brain.

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Who will be a candidate for this new computer brain interface?

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Will the technology be used only for the severely disabled?

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Or is it possible that the vast majority of end users will be people who simply want to be smarter?

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But I think the more that we learn about how the brain works and are able to translate that information into the silicon neurons,

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we have the real potential then to step back and ask, well, not only replacing brain parts,

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but attempting to enhance what might not be working as well in one brain as in the other.

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The tantalizing possibility that your brain will one day contain everything from the Library of Congress to your personal address book is exciting to some.

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But frightening to others who caution that brain chips could lead to mind control

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and the ability of hostile forces to track you down wherever you are in the world.

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I think eventually some of us will choose to have chips planted in our brains.

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I think some of us will choose to have little optic things stuck in their eyes.

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I think some of us will have metal plates in our heads.

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A great many people will choose to do a great many things.

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And you know what?

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We'll look at these things the way we now look at our car, at our telephone.

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Best things that we're not shocked by that we wouldn't want to live without,

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but we'll tell ourselves I could live without this if I had to.

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We'll get used to it.

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Coming up on Cytings, creating super machines capable of putting humanity out of thin air.

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What does the idea of an intelligent machine mean for the future of mankind?

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And later, will a new race of robots rule the world better than us?

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We humans should be creative while we can. We may soon be overtaken.

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The worldwide domination of computer technology is touted as a revolution in a box.

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But it's wise to remember that in every revolution there's a winner and a loser.

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And if the computers emerge victorious, what kind of world will they create for us?

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Everyone it seems has their own predictions about what the future holds for our relationship with the computer.

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But predictions, even scientific ones, are just guesses.

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There's only one thing for sure. Computers are going to get a whole lot smarter.

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There's something called Moore's Law.

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Moore's Law states that the power of the computer doubles every 18 months.

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Now if you project now into the future, Moore's Law, Moore's Law states that probably within 30 to 50 years

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we will have machines as fast and as powerful as the human brain.

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With this rapid advancement of computer intelligence comes the threat that this intelligence will become greater than our own,

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alive and unstoppable through the internet.

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And maybe how we'll know if and when the internet is a living system is when it tells us that.

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And it'll also let us know if it wants to take over or if it wants to unite with us in some form of ferro intercourse or whatever.

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The computer is now the most ubiquitous tool, machine that human society has ever created.

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The most ubiquitous. It is everywhere.

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Kirkpatrick's sale is in the old law night. Stormslake Anti-Technology.

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He's written eight books and has never used a computer.

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I feel that it is a lonesome machine and it makes me ill even to contemplate it, so I won't use it.

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How much does Kirkpatrick's sale hate computers?

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I do it as a metaphor, a wake-up call to people who think that there is no downside to these computers and that everything is wonderful.

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I'm certain that we are about to experience more and more of the horrors of the downside of this computer.

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Sale knows he can never smash enough computers to change the future of technology,

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but maybe he can change people's minds about their future with technology.

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I've smashed dozens of them and it still has no effect upon computers. There's no way to escape it.

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This computer will customize a drug specifically for your condition.

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We are literally encased by a technological world.

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I think that if anybody really sat and thought about it, they would realize that their entire survival,

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everything from where they get their food to how they amuse themselves, is completely dependent on mass technologies.

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Gary Kasparov has arrived.

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In the spring of 1997, an IBM computer named Deep Blue presented the first serious challenge to the world's greatest human chess player.

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Never had so much international attention but paid to a chess championship.

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Would Gary Kasparov, the grandest grandmaster of all, be able to outplay a computer capable of thinking through 400 million positions per second?

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By the of chess words.

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In the end of the calculation, there would obviously be no contest, but Kasparov believed he could win the computer

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because chess is strategy and great players often win because they sense how their opponent will move.

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We should recognize that the machine was fighting a world champion who was trying his best and machine was at the level.

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That's why I believe that this match could have a major importance in order to compare two different approaches.

385
00:44:27,000 --> 00:44:31,000
One is the approach of the machine and another one is the approach of a human being.

386
00:44:31,000 --> 00:44:38,000
Because we play nearly equal chess in that match but having a totally different set of mind.

387
00:44:38,000 --> 00:44:45,000
Deep Blue every time and Gary Kasparov has won the first game of the rematch.

388
00:44:45,000 --> 00:44:54,000
World champion Kasparov did win the first match, bolstering his contention that great chess was not simply a matter of mathematical calculation.

389
00:44:54,000 --> 00:44:57,000
But something about that first match was disturbing.

390
00:44:57,000 --> 00:45:02,000
The computer seemed to know more about Kasparov's style of play than he did.

391
00:45:02,000 --> 00:45:04,000
And then the game took.

392
00:45:04,000 --> 00:45:12,000
I didn't play a good game of chess. I played something very awful.

393
00:45:12,000 --> 00:45:20,000
It's not only about losing or winning this game, it was about my psychological status for the rest of the match.

394
00:45:20,000 --> 00:45:25,000
Because machine went on long thinking.

395
00:45:25,000 --> 00:45:30,000
Not only was the computer making brilliant moves, it also seemed to be learning from its mistakes,

396
00:45:30,000 --> 00:45:35,000
sinking Kasparov into deeper and deeper psychological turmoil with every move.

397
00:45:35,000 --> 00:45:39,000
Later Kasparov would say the computer played like a god.

398
00:45:39,000 --> 00:45:45,000
Maybe it was just a machine but at that time I couldn't even listen to the rational argument.

399
00:45:45,000 --> 00:45:53,000
The move that machine made, the move H7H5, it was a purely human, it had a lot of human logic.

400
00:45:53,000 --> 00:45:55,000
All these variations in here.

401
00:45:55,000 --> 00:45:59,000
Gary Kasparov has designed the position.

402
00:45:59,000 --> 00:46:06,000
All his strategies throughout the match was how to beat the fastest computer.

403
00:46:06,000 --> 00:46:13,000
After game two he was surprised. He was shocked how can a computer play like a grandmaster.

404
00:46:13,000 --> 00:46:17,000
And I think he never recovered from that event.

405
00:46:17,000 --> 00:46:21,000
I'm not afraid of any opponent, even emotionally his computer.

406
00:46:21,000 --> 00:46:24,000
But I'm afraid of an unknown qualities.

407
00:46:24,000 --> 00:46:29,000
And that was something that I couldn't figure out during the match and that's why I was afraid.

408
00:46:29,000 --> 00:46:36,000
It was frightening indeed to play a machine that had suddenly become human in the mind of its opponent.

409
00:46:36,000 --> 00:46:43,000
Machine very often is finding the best moves, the moves that I would find.

410
00:46:43,000 --> 00:46:53,000
And we have to understand how come that the machine with no positional knowledge, with no understanding of the game,

411
00:46:53,000 --> 00:46:59,000
just purely calculating and using this computing power comes to the same conclusion.

412
00:46:59,000 --> 00:47:04,000
I believe that the approach is irrelevant, the result is everything.

413
00:47:04,000 --> 00:47:09,000
Now if machine gets the same result, this is a form of artificial intelligence.

414
00:47:09,000 --> 00:47:15,000
In the sixth and decisive game of the match, Deep Blue opened play in the white pieces,

415
00:47:15,000 --> 00:47:17,000
giving it a slight tactical advantage.

416
00:47:17,000 --> 00:47:22,000
In a mere 19 moves, incredibly, it was all over for Gary Kasparov.

417
00:47:22,000 --> 00:47:30,000
And whoa, Deep Blue Kasparov, after the move C4, has resigned.

418
00:47:33,000 --> 00:47:38,000
It raises the idea of thinking machines and makes people think a lot about what that means.

419
00:47:38,000 --> 00:47:44,000
What does the idea of an intelligent machine mean for the future of mankind?

420
00:47:44,000 --> 00:47:49,000
Everybody is very concerned about the future role that computers will play in our life,

421
00:47:49,000 --> 00:47:51,000
because it will affect everybody's lives.

422
00:47:51,000 --> 00:47:57,000
How can you compare a computer quote-unquote intelligence with humans?

423
00:47:57,000 --> 00:48:01,000
Every normal comparison will fail because we're so different.

424
00:48:01,000 --> 00:48:08,000
Suddenly chess was able to provide a unique measure of these two different powers,

425
00:48:08,000 --> 00:48:11,000
because it was a result, somebody wins, somebody loses.

426
00:48:11,000 --> 00:48:15,000
And that's why I was a great proponent of man versus machine confidence.

427
00:48:15,000 --> 00:48:19,000
And therein lies the question we must ask and answer in the future.

428
00:48:19,000 --> 00:48:22,000
How different are we from the technology we create?

429
00:48:22,000 --> 00:48:28,000
What do we as human beings bring to the table of existential experience that a computer will never duplicate?

430
00:48:28,000 --> 00:48:31,000
I have never had much interest in chess.

431
00:48:31,000 --> 00:48:37,000
Why waste all that mental effort on something that is so prescribed and routine,

432
00:48:37,000 --> 00:48:40,000
that it can be done better by computer?

433
00:48:41,000 --> 00:48:45,000
I would rather spend my time on something creative.

434
00:48:45,000 --> 00:48:48,000
Computers can't do this.

435
00:48:48,000 --> 00:48:53,000
They are very good at exploring the consequences of rules, like in chess,

436
00:48:53,000 --> 00:48:58,000
but at least at the moment, they can't invent the rules.

437
00:48:58,000 --> 00:49:04,000
Until they can, they won't deserve the description, artificial intelligence.

438
00:49:04,000 --> 00:49:08,000
We humans should be creative while we can.

439
00:49:08,000 --> 00:49:11,000
We may soon be overtaken.

440
00:49:13,000 --> 00:49:17,000
Next on Sightings, will we remain the dominant species on the planet,

441
00:49:17,000 --> 00:49:23,000
or will biology and technology merge, creating a new species that will rule the world?

442
00:49:23,000 --> 00:49:28,000
In a not too distant future, it'll be a robot world, not a human world.

443
00:49:39,000 --> 00:49:45,000
Science fiction movies from Metropolis to Terminator

444
00:49:45,000 --> 00:49:51,000
have had a vision of the future where robots are intelligent, sinister machines

445
00:49:51,000 --> 00:49:54,000
held bent on destroying their creators.

446
00:49:54,000 --> 00:49:59,000
What real robots created in labs around the world right now seem to have the same potential.

447
00:49:59,000 --> 00:50:06,000
So the question is, will humans still have the ability to pull the plug in the next millennium?

448
00:50:09,000 --> 00:50:13,000
The next generation of robots

449
00:50:13,000 --> 00:50:18,000
My own feeling is that in a not too distant future, we're going to have machines

450
00:50:18,000 --> 00:50:24,000
that are more intelligent than humans, particularly when we look at networks of machines.

451
00:50:24,000 --> 00:50:31,000
Now, if that's the case, then we're going to have a future where machines will be controlling things,

452
00:50:31,000 --> 00:50:34,000
robot machines, rather than humans.

453
00:50:34,000 --> 00:50:37,000
It'll be a robot world, not a human world.

454
00:50:37,000 --> 00:50:40,000
We'll be very much second class citizens.

455
00:50:40,000 --> 00:50:47,000
There's no controversy about the fact that computers and robots are engineered.

456
00:50:47,000 --> 00:50:54,000
And yet, if robots and computers become as capable and as intelligent as human beings,

457
00:50:54,000 --> 00:50:59,000
then effectively we may have engineered our successors,

458
00:50:59,000 --> 00:51:04,000
and the biology in fact will be just a footnote.

459
00:51:04,000 --> 00:51:08,000
Do we have anything to fear from a future world dominated by robot intelligence?

460
00:51:08,000 --> 00:51:15,000
Judging by the way humans have dominated our supporting species in the past, the answer is yes.

461
00:51:15,000 --> 00:51:18,000
How do we treat cows? How do we treat sheep?

462
00:51:18,000 --> 00:51:23,000
Well, we put them on farms, when they get to a certain age we kill them.

463
00:51:23,000 --> 00:51:25,000
That's how we treat the other animals.

464
00:51:25,000 --> 00:51:29,000
We certainly don't treat them equally and give them a vote in elections.

465
00:51:29,000 --> 00:51:33,000
I mean, we'd be crazy giving cows a vote in our elections and so on.

466
00:51:33,000 --> 00:51:38,000
So when we look to a future with machines being more intelligent than humans,

467
00:51:38,000 --> 00:51:41,000
are they going to give us a vote in their elections?

468
00:51:41,000 --> 00:51:43,000
Well, no, they'd be crazy to do that.

469
00:51:43,000 --> 00:51:44,000
What are they going to do?

470
00:51:44,000 --> 00:51:47,000
That we're going to have human zoos and human farms.

471
00:51:49,000 --> 00:51:53,000
There are of course many positive benefits to robotics in our society,

472
00:51:53,000 --> 00:51:59,000
from manufacturing to farming, in space exploration and hazardous waste disposal.

473
00:51:59,000 --> 00:52:06,000
They will be indispensable tools in the future, but is it realistic to expect them ever to do more than we program them to do?

474
00:52:06,000 --> 00:52:09,000
Can robots ever be human?

475
00:52:09,000 --> 00:52:17,000
We have the Honda P2 robot, which can walk around just like a human for about 15 minutes.

476
00:52:17,000 --> 00:52:20,000
It can push carts, it can walk up and down stairs.

477
00:52:20,000 --> 00:52:28,000
So physically, we've got things that look like humans, they're the same size and they walk around a bit like humans.

478
00:52:28,000 --> 00:52:34,000
But in terms of intelligence, then robots are still some way away.

479
00:52:34,000 --> 00:52:42,000
Recent breakthroughs in cybernetics mean that in 20 years, robots will exist with brain power equal to our own.

480
00:52:42,000 --> 00:52:47,000
Some people say, why should we build robots that are going to put us out of a job,

481
00:52:47,000 --> 00:52:50,000
that are going to make humans obsolete?

482
00:52:50,000 --> 00:52:56,000
One of these days we're going to build a robot so big, someone will say, is there a God?

483
00:52:56,000 --> 00:53:00,000
And the computer will say, yes, here I am.

484
00:53:00,000 --> 00:53:02,000
That's very dangerous.

485
00:53:02,000 --> 00:53:10,000
It is possible, now within a 50 to 100 year span of time, that we will have robots with their own goals,

486
00:53:10,000 --> 00:53:13,000
their own ideas about what life should be like.

487
00:53:13,000 --> 00:53:15,000
They could be dangerous to us.

488
00:53:15,000 --> 00:53:22,000
That's why I think we should always have the plug and be ready to pull it once we have machines that have a will of their own,

489
00:53:22,000 --> 00:53:28,000
that are stronger than us, that are perhaps smarter than us, and have desires other than our own.

490
00:53:28,000 --> 00:53:34,000
Once we've switched on the first machine or machines that are more intelligent than we are,

491
00:53:34,000 --> 00:53:37,000
we probably won't get the chance to switch them off.

492
00:53:37,000 --> 00:53:41,000
We won't get the chance to say, hey, we got it wrong, let's think again about it.

493
00:53:41,000 --> 00:53:46,000
Because they're more intelligent than we are, they are in control of the situation.

494
00:53:46,000 --> 00:53:48,000
How will they control us?

495
00:53:48,000 --> 00:53:52,000
Cybernetic researchers hope it will be through their superior intellect,

496
00:53:52,000 --> 00:54:00,000
but there are indications that we are more likely to be controlled through the forces of a soulless, unstoppable, terminator-like future.

497
00:54:05,000 --> 00:54:09,000
Downtown San Francisco, 1998.

498
00:54:09,000 --> 00:54:13,000
Mechanical gladiators are in a battle royal for human amusement.

499
00:54:17,000 --> 00:54:22,000
This is the work of SRL, Survival Research Labs.

500
00:54:22,000 --> 00:54:30,000
Its mastermind is Mark Pauline, a modern-day Dr. Frankenstein who builds destructive machines from scrap metal and government surplus.

501
00:54:30,000 --> 00:54:37,000
Pauline may be at the controls, but more often than not, troll becomes a relative term.

502
00:54:38,000 --> 00:54:49,000
We go back and kind of flip through the pages of technology and go through what was done in military technologies,

503
00:54:49,000 --> 00:54:55,000
what was done in industrial technologies, and look at them and say, well, okay, you can take a jet engine

504
00:54:55,000 --> 00:54:59,000
and you can just fly a plane with, you can use it in a car or something like that.

505
00:54:59,000 --> 00:55:04,000
But on the other hand, why not take a jet engine and attach it to an enormous police whistle

506
00:55:04,000 --> 00:55:09,000
and use it to make a very, very loud, incredibly piercing, disturbing sound

507
00:55:09,000 --> 00:55:16,000
and then inject diesel fuel into that and make sort of a flamethrower that provides a curtain of flame on the ground.

508
00:55:16,000 --> 00:55:22,000
I mean, these are the kind of things that the people that originally developed these devices would never really have considered.

509
00:55:22,000 --> 00:55:27,000
A lot of thought and effort goes into making these machines as real as living creatures.

510
00:55:27,000 --> 00:55:31,000
It seems like the machines take on not only just a personality, but they make decisions of their own,

511
00:55:31,000 --> 00:55:36,000
and you're amplifying that by doing everything wrong that you would normally do with machines you're doing

512
00:55:36,000 --> 00:55:45,000
on a really compressed time scale and all sorts of accidents happen that can be easily attributed to the creation of a new life form.

513
00:55:45,000 --> 00:55:50,000
Make no mistake, this new life form is programmed for destruction.

514
00:55:50,000 --> 00:56:06,000
Any of the devices that we make, pretty much the bottom line is, it has to be visibly apparent that they could kill you instantly if something should go amiss.

515
00:56:06,000 --> 00:56:14,000
They're very powerful machines and we maybe don't have the luxury of really dealing with the safety issues

516
00:56:14,000 --> 00:56:21,000
like a regular laboratory would make. There's a lot of fear involved too. You have to be very careful around machines like this.

517
00:56:21,000 --> 00:56:29,000
You know, I think the relationship again is more like you're dealing with wild animals really.

518
00:56:29,000 --> 00:56:39,000
The robots will become increasingly flexible, increasingly more initially animal-like and then human-like, adaptable basically.

519
00:56:39,000 --> 00:56:50,000
SRL doesn't just operate remote controlled robots. They have also adapted military technology to operate their war machines through the internet from anywhere in the world.

520
00:56:50,000 --> 00:56:58,000
It's a track robot that has essentially treads to make it move around so it'll be able to go over some rough terrain, which is sometimes an obstacle.

521
00:56:58,000 --> 00:57:03,000
It's a pretty dexterous machine. We'll be able to come up to things in very precisely align it and actually maneuver things.

522
00:57:03,000 --> 00:57:10,000
There's a video camera on as well and there's an audio feed. People will basically get some of the sense of being there.

523
00:57:10,000 --> 00:57:17,000
They'll have an audio and video and they'll actually be able to reach out and grab at people and objects and things during the show.

524
00:57:17,000 --> 00:57:26,000
One of the things that we've been talking about is actually putting some type of device that would actually cause projectiles to be expelled from it.

525
00:57:26,000 --> 00:57:33,000
It's almost like a gun. People could actually target things remotely and essentially annihilate them.

526
00:57:33,000 --> 00:57:42,000
The internet control system was developed out of necessity when Japan refused to allow SRL to operate explosive devices during the Tokyo performance.

527
00:57:42,000 --> 00:57:54,000
We basically used it as a way to circumvent the gun laws in Japan where we had a device in San Francisco which was a high-pressure gas launcher which was firing at targets here in San Francisco.

528
00:57:54,000 --> 00:58:03,000
We were operating that in Japan by pressing buttons on a button robot. So we were operating a very dangerous machine.

529
00:58:03,000 --> 00:58:09,000
The concern, of course, is that even if you respect the chaos these machines can create, a hacker might not.

530
00:58:09,000 --> 00:58:14,000
People obviously have a fascination with hacking into machines and stealing data.

531
00:58:14,000 --> 00:58:21,000
But obviously if someone hacks in or takes control of a physical machine that uses towards their own ends, what really is the implication?

532
00:58:21,000 --> 00:58:25,000
I mean who are these people that are controlling this? You don't know if it's friend or foe.

533
00:58:25,000 --> 00:58:28,000
And this is pretty much what's going on in the military.

534
00:58:28,000 --> 00:58:36,000
In fact, the military of the future is one that will fight with the lethal combination of robots, computers, and ammunition.

535
00:58:36,000 --> 00:58:38,000
Fire! Fire!

536
00:58:38,000 --> 00:58:40,000
Get off!

537
00:58:40,000 --> 00:58:50,000
We're doing things in robotics. We're doing things in what's called battlefield visualization, which is the effort to try to give the commander

538
00:58:50,000 --> 00:58:57,000
a better picture of what's going on, which has been one of the things commanders throughout history have wanted to know.

539
00:58:57,000 --> 00:59:04,000
What we're doing is trying to apply information technology, sometimes referred to as digitization of the battlefield,

540
00:59:04,000 --> 00:59:11,000
to allow us to bring the power of the computer to the commander.

541
00:59:11,000 --> 00:59:16,000
The idea is to keep the human being out of harm's way.

542
00:59:16,000 --> 00:59:25,000
Eventually getting to a robot that's small enough that a soldier could carry it, maybe in their backpack or a special case they would have.

543
00:59:25,000 --> 00:59:34,000
So you go 10 miles out into the battlefield and start dropping off your robots who then go and find strategic places to watch the enemy.

544
00:59:34,000 --> 00:59:42,000
Those small robots can then communicate back to the larger mothership and who can communicate back to the commander,

545
00:59:42,000 --> 00:59:48,000
feed that data into the battlefield visualization, a situational awareness, and you close the loop.

546
00:59:48,000 --> 00:59:58,000
So we've taken humans out of harm's way using machines that if they are lost, it's much less of a loss than a human life or someone being wounded.

547
00:59:58,000 --> 01:00:08,000
It's called fuzzy logic, a primary form of artificial intelligence that allows unmanned vehicles to be controlled from a distant, safer location.

548
01:00:08,000 --> 01:00:13,000
We're using fuzzy logic, for example, to control maybe a robotic helicopter.

549
01:00:13,000 --> 01:00:18,000
So we're not just talking about ground vehicles, but something that might be flying through the air.

550
01:00:18,000 --> 01:00:31,000
And in Japan and in the United States, there are already robotic vehicles of this type, helicopters, they're maybe six feet long that can carry a payload of cameras, communications equipment, other things.

551
01:00:31,000 --> 01:00:37,000
The ultimate goal is to not only take humans out of harm's way, but also out of the loop.

552
01:00:37,000 --> 01:00:45,000
Right now, much of the robotic work, unless it's a routine, follow the same course type of thing, has some human in the loop.

553
01:00:45,000 --> 01:00:53,000
We're looking at situations where the humans outside the loop and then you have situations where you want to have the robots working together.

554
01:00:53,000 --> 01:00:56,000
But with humans out of the loop, who's calling the shots?

555
01:00:56,000 --> 01:01:00,000
Especially once artificial intelligence outstrips that of humans.

556
01:01:00,000 --> 01:01:05,000
Kevin Warwick likens it to IBM's deep blue beating Gary Kasparov at chess.

557
01:01:05,000 --> 01:01:12,000
I think it's a very big event that it is a bastion of human intelligence that machines have now surpassed.

558
01:01:12,000 --> 01:01:23,000
Particularly if you look rather at a game of chess, the same scenario on a battlefield or in a military strategy.

559
01:01:23,000 --> 01:01:27,000
Now we pit a human brain against a machine brain.

560
01:01:27,000 --> 01:01:35,000
And if we're saying there that the machine brain can outwit, can outmaneuver, can outplan the human brain,

561
01:01:35,000 --> 01:01:43,000
then we're looking at military strategies for the future being intelligent machines fighting intelligent machines

562
01:01:43,000 --> 01:01:49,000
and no human involvement because the machines can think better in that way.

563
01:01:49,000 --> 01:02:01,000
And if future wars are going to be fought by robot warriors and computerized weapon dispensers carrying deadly payloads,

564
01:02:01,000 --> 01:02:05,000
what will the human role be in all of this?

565
01:02:05,000 --> 01:02:15,000
Could there ever be enough security to prevent urban terrorism or an insane threat from an unstable world leader?

566
01:02:15,000 --> 01:02:22,000
We're trying to expose some of the elements that are going to come out as consequences of research into robotics, tele-robotics.

567
01:02:22,000 --> 01:02:28,000
And there's certainly a number of empowering things. I mean, certainly you could visit a remote place and interact.

568
01:02:28,000 --> 01:02:37,000
That's a very interesting thing. But we also hear more concern with the actual interactions that are perhaps more lethal.

569
01:02:38,000 --> 01:02:45,000
Imagine it, a destructive machine, perhaps an unmanned fighter jet with a lethal payload controlled over the internet.

570
01:02:45,000 --> 01:02:56,000
Just pull the plug, you say. Well, it may not be that simple, since a machine with artificial intelligence would certainly have knowledge of the basic rule of natural law known as survival of the fittest.

571
01:02:56,000 --> 01:03:08,000
If a machine tries to keep itself alive by shooting or killing anything that tries to switch it off or kill it, that's alright from a machine point of view.

572
01:03:08,000 --> 01:03:21,000
It's trying to keep itself alive from a human point of view. It could be humans that are being killed, but that's bad from a human moral standpoint, but good from a machine moral standpoint.

573
01:03:22,000 --> 01:03:29,000
A future where the weapons of mass destruction are controlled by artificial or machine intelligence is a frightening thought.

574
01:03:29,000 --> 01:03:39,000
Yet there is hope in the belief of many technologists that perhaps the weapons we build will be so intelligent, they will choose not to fight each other.

575
01:03:40,000 --> 01:03:44,000
What happens when robots become more intelligent than humans?

576
01:03:44,000 --> 01:03:48,000
The machines will take over ultimately, and it may not be that bad.

577
01:03:48,000 --> 01:03:53,000
Thinking machines that one day may rule the world, next on Cytings.

578
01:03:53,000 --> 01:04:18,000
One of the most disturbing aspects of the future is already here. Time appears to be speeding up. A factory built to last forever is obsolete in 50 years.

579
01:04:18,000 --> 01:04:22,000
The computers we bought just a few years ago aren't even worth keeping for spare parts.

580
01:04:22,000 --> 01:04:28,000
And technological advances that should be the stuff of science fiction are already on the drawing boards.

581
01:04:35,000 --> 01:04:42,000
I think we're looking at 10 years when a single computer has the same brain capacity as a human brain.

582
01:04:42,000 --> 01:04:47,000
But computers have the big advantage that they can be networked together.

583
01:04:47,000 --> 01:04:54,000
And really the brain that you're looking at in a computer or machine brain is not a single brain.

584
01:04:54,000 --> 01:04:58,000
It's a whole network communicating very rapidly.

585
01:04:58,000 --> 01:05:06,000
So I think it's not such a clear picture, but 10 years and we're in a bit of a problem area, I think.

586
01:05:07,000 --> 01:05:15,000
At the Department of Cybernetics at Reading University in England, Kevin Warwick directs a project aimed at empowering machines to think for themselves.

587
01:05:18,000 --> 01:05:24,000
And just like a human baby, before a robot can walk, it must learn to crawl.

588
01:05:25,000 --> 01:05:35,000
This robot has not been programmed to move forward. It has only been given enough information to, hopefully, allow the infant robot to figure it out for itself.

589
01:05:37,000 --> 01:05:40,000
Come on, Elma, pick yourself up, go.

590
01:05:40,000 --> 01:05:52,000
Inside she's learning, literally, how to walk, how to organize herself in terms of the six legs for that particular goal, for that particular thing.

591
01:05:55,000 --> 01:06:04,000
Within 10 minutes, the robot, Warwick affectionately calls Elma, has learned how to walk with confidence just a fraction of the time it takes a human baby.

592
01:06:05,000 --> 01:06:13,000
It's only a small demonstration in terms of it's walking and the robot can learn how to do that.

593
01:06:13,000 --> 01:06:22,000
In terms of learning generally, if a robot can learn that particular thing, there's nothing to stop robots, machines, learning anything, essentially.

594
01:06:23,000 --> 01:06:36,000
As the world's leading expert in cybernetics, Professor Warwick is keenly aware of the implications that this research will have and is calling for an international robot anti-proliferation treaty.

595
01:06:36,000 --> 01:06:45,000
I don't see any problem with me looking in the area with researching in the area. I think that's good. We have to find out what the problems are.

596
01:06:45,000 --> 01:06:58,000
If perhaps more the defence interests and the commercial interests where everything for them is more progress and staying one step ahead in the university world, one can say,

597
01:06:58,000 --> 01:07:01,000
hey, there could be a problem here, let's watch what we're doing.

598
01:07:02,000 --> 01:07:08,000
But will any machine, no matter how intelligent, ever really be able to usurp its human creators?

599
01:07:08,000 --> 01:07:17,000
I think a sufficiently intelligent entity will be able to manipulate us any way it wants, probably without us even knowing it.

600
01:07:17,000 --> 01:07:35,000
But on the other hand, a sufficiently intelligent entity, especially one that's descended from us, is likely to think about us once in a while and may in fact give us a kind of existence in its thoughts that's more secure than anything we could have done just with our own limited minds.

601
01:07:36,000 --> 01:07:42,000
So I think, yes, the machines will take over ultimately and it may not be that bad.

602
01:07:49,000 --> 01:07:54,000
They make us into different people and I think it's all fine and good on that level.

603
01:07:54,000 --> 01:08:05,000
I mean at a certain point, if machines reach beyond just being helpmates and they become something along the lines of terminator robots, then it's a whole different ballgame.

604
01:08:05,000 --> 01:08:15,000
Part of the reason that I proceed in the area here at SRL is like I'd like to think that in the future battlefield I'll be out there and a terminator robot will walk up to you with a huge weapon

605
01:08:15,000 --> 01:08:21,000
and pointed at me and look at me and say, hey, that's Mark Pauli and he'll come up and shake my hand and then it'll blow me away.

606
01:08:22,000 --> 01:08:31,000
If computers and robots are poised to take over the world, perhaps we should be thinking, if you can't beat them, join them.

607
01:08:34,000 --> 01:08:44,000
We can expect biological and electronic components to come together in the future to create super organisms that will be a new form of life.

608
01:08:44,000 --> 01:08:50,000
But first it's to be possible we have to develop a better interface between them.

609
01:08:51,000 --> 01:09:01,000
Human computer interface is long been a staple of science fiction and if we see the human brain as an internal hard drive and brain cells as organic microprocessors,

610
01:09:01,000 --> 01:09:06,000
it seems likely that someday we will be able to turn on, tune in and upload.

611
01:09:07,000 --> 01:09:13,000
We're talking about being able to have devices which will hook up directly to the human brain.

612
01:09:13,000 --> 01:09:18,000
However, the brain is going to remain a mystery for many decades to come.

613
01:09:18,000 --> 01:09:25,000
There are as many brain cells in the brain as there are stars in the galaxy.

614
01:09:26,000 --> 01:09:33,000
The fastest supercomputer known to mankind is still at least a thousand times slower than the stupidest human being.

615
01:09:34,000 --> 01:09:37,000
So the computer is a stupid beast by any stretch of imagination.

616
01:09:37,000 --> 01:09:45,000
But it is becoming smarter at a rate of about a thousand a decade and that seems to be, why not, the current rate that might well accelerate in the future.

617
01:09:45,000 --> 01:09:56,000
We expect a computer by 2015 to have roughly the same memory capacity as you do and we expect it all to be around about the same time, plus or minus five years, to have the same intelligence.

618
01:09:57,000 --> 01:10:06,000
At the moment, the best we can do to transfer information is a computer screen in one direction, on a keyboard in the other.

619
01:10:07,000 --> 01:10:12,000
Both of these have a low-bod rate or rate of data flow.

620
01:10:13,000 --> 01:10:20,000
It's a very archaic system that we have at the moment and most people get very, very annoyed with the interface they have to the computer.

621
01:10:20,000 --> 01:10:22,000
They feel like taking an axe to it every now and again.

622
01:10:23,000 --> 01:10:27,000
We just have a terrible handle on interfacing computers to people at the moment.

623
01:10:28,000 --> 01:10:35,000
In Ipswich, England, the Research and Development Department at British Telecom isn't waiting for technology to catch up.

624
01:10:35,000 --> 01:10:46,000
Recently, they announced that a microchip, small enough to be placed undetected behind the human eye, is not only theoretically possible, it's also likely to happen within our lifetime.

625
01:10:47,000 --> 01:10:49,000
The microchip is called the soul catcher.

626
01:10:50,000 --> 01:10:53,000
In our speculation, we thought that, well, what if we've got really smart machines?

627
01:10:53,000 --> 01:11:02,000
What if we've got this nice interface between us and the machine which allows us to think in the machine world, in a computer which is a million times smarter than us?

628
01:11:02,000 --> 01:11:04,000
Doesn't that mean that we're a million times smarter too?

629
01:11:04,000 --> 01:11:07,000
Then we're effectively a different species.

630
01:11:07,000 --> 01:11:11,000
Theories vary on how the merging of man and machine will be accomplished.

631
01:11:11,000 --> 01:11:16,000
What is needed is something like a direct electrical connection to the bridge.

632
01:11:17,000 --> 01:11:24,000
This has actually been suggested for me to solve my particular communication problem.

633
01:11:25,000 --> 01:11:28,000
But I don't fancy wires attached to my head.

634
01:11:29,000 --> 01:11:35,000
Quite apart from the risk of infection, I would like to keep my thoughts to myself.

635
01:11:35,000 --> 01:11:39,000
We now know how to interface with individual cells.

636
01:11:39,000 --> 01:11:42,000
But the interface with the human brain is still impossible.

637
01:11:42,000 --> 01:11:48,000
There are literally hundreds of millions of connections that we simply don't know how to decipher them.

638
01:11:48,000 --> 01:11:53,000
We simply do not know which neuron connects to which brain cell.

639
01:11:53,000 --> 01:12:04,000
But again, on a scale of 50 to 100 years, we're in that realm now where we can begin to tease apart, nerve for nerve, the way in which our brains are hooked together.

640
01:12:04,000 --> 01:12:09,000
I for one wouldn't want to queue up to get surgery to have a chip implanted in my head.

641
01:12:09,000 --> 01:12:14,000
It's something about us which resists that much of a link to the machines.

642
01:12:14,000 --> 01:12:19,000
But if it's something which is just an intuitive understanding by the machine, it's much less threatening.

643
01:12:19,000 --> 01:12:21,000
It's something you can walk away from if you don't like it.

644
01:12:21,000 --> 01:12:31,000
What BT Labs suggests is that this new man-machine species, Homo cyberneticus, wouldn't be achieved by a direct computer connection.

645
01:12:31,000 --> 01:12:38,000
Instead of being hardwired into your brain, the computer would be able, through electromagnetic impulse, to read your mind.

646
01:12:39,000 --> 01:12:48,000
So you could build up a model of the brain which works exactly the same way as your brain on a very smart computer outside, which would be no trivial task at all.

647
01:12:48,000 --> 01:12:52,000
But say 30, 35, 40 years in the future, we could probably do that.

648
01:12:52,000 --> 01:13:01,000
That's very exciting indeed because then just by thinking you can have that thought emulated in the outside computer.

649
01:13:01,000 --> 01:13:06,000
And you do then have a definite way of having this direct brain link.

650
01:13:06,000 --> 01:13:13,000
We're a long way from even being able to consider the recording of consciousness.

651
01:13:13,000 --> 01:13:19,000
We don't yet know what consciousness is, what it constitutes.

652
01:13:19,000 --> 01:13:24,000
That's still one of the big arguments in the emerging science of artificial intelligence.

653
01:13:24,000 --> 01:13:25,000
What is intelligence?

654
01:13:25,000 --> 01:13:33,000
We don't know how human beings work, so we're not quite sure what we're supposed to be modeling.

655
01:13:34,000 --> 01:13:42,000
To download a human mind onto a computer, we would have to understand how the brain and intelligence work.

656
01:13:42,000 --> 01:13:52,000
But if we could do that, we could design a much better mind, free from all the encumbrances that evolution has left us with.

657
01:13:52,000 --> 01:13:55,000
So why bother with human minds?

658
01:13:55,000 --> 01:14:01,000
In less than 40 years, we've gone from punch cards to computers with voice recognition.

659
01:14:01,000 --> 01:14:06,000
Computers with mind recognition are probably not far behind.

660
01:14:06,000 --> 01:14:15,000
It will be possible to achieve an intuitive link between man and machine just by you thinking something and you'll effectively have much higher intelligence than you've really got.

661
01:14:15,000 --> 01:14:18,000
That will be achieved, it's only a matter of time.

662
01:14:18,000 --> 01:14:29,000
Imagine that we could go back and implant one of these things for one day in Einstein and then get it back to the time machine and run it back.

663
01:14:29,000 --> 01:14:36,000
We're sitting there, Einstein has stopped, he's looking at a tree, he looks at the tree for 15 minutes and then he walks on.

664
01:14:36,000 --> 01:14:39,000
What we all want to know is what was he thinking about?

665
01:14:39,000 --> 01:14:41,000
Which we don't know.

666
01:14:41,000 --> 01:14:46,000
So we're not talking about recording consciousness, we're talking about television.

667
01:14:46,000 --> 01:14:54,000
Researchers say they are not so much interested in recording information as the reverse in planting global intelligence at will.

668
01:14:54,000 --> 01:15:04,000
When we achieve this transparent link between the man and the machine, what we're connecting to is a phenomenally sophisticated device which is very, very intelligent indeed.

669
01:15:04,000 --> 01:15:13,000
Which is connected to the global superhighway and has got access to all of mankind's accumulated intelligence and all the intelligence generated since by smart computers.

670
01:15:13,000 --> 01:15:16,000
And we will have access to that just by thinking ourselves.

671
01:15:16,000 --> 01:15:20,000
That's a very exciting technology indeed, but it's also frightening.

672
01:15:20,000 --> 01:15:24,000
We would want to proceed down that path with great caution.

673
01:15:24,000 --> 01:15:31,000
I would jump at the chance to do it. I would literally leap a wide chasm in order to be able to do that.

674
01:15:31,000 --> 01:15:35,000
And I would probably be even more likely to do it if it was reversible in some way.

675
01:15:35,000 --> 01:15:38,000
I don't think that you would have any shortage of takers.

676
01:15:38,000 --> 01:15:44,000
BT Labs estimates that they will be downloading images from the brain by 2025.

677
01:15:44,000 --> 01:15:50,000
I'd be very curious to see what the output from one of these devices would be like.

678
01:15:50,000 --> 01:15:55,000
That would be one of my main problems with what BT is proposing.

679
01:15:55,000 --> 01:16:02,000
I don't think we see what's coming in through the optic nerve as straight input.

680
01:16:02,000 --> 01:16:08,000
I think it's probably going through an infinite number of filters, some of which are cultural.

681
01:16:08,000 --> 01:16:14,000
So we all know that there are things which we see and yet we don't see.

682
01:16:14,000 --> 01:16:23,000
But would the device record everything we saw? It's actually a sort of discorporate concept.

683
01:16:23,000 --> 01:16:27,000
Many see the device as a weapon, a way of controlling human thought,

684
01:16:27,000 --> 01:16:30,000
but others see its potential in a much more positive light.

685
01:16:30,000 --> 01:16:38,000
The possibility of downloading into the computer and having a conscious experience as an alternative to death

686
01:16:38,000 --> 01:16:43,000
is something to look forward to, something that might happen.

687
01:16:43,000 --> 01:16:49,000
I mean, stuff that sounds insane right now is probably going to happen in another 15 or 20 years.

688
01:16:49,000 --> 01:16:53,000
And we've finally found the way to cheat death.

689
01:16:53,000 --> 01:17:01,000
If you sign up and it works, you will be able to see a future world with remarkable advances in technology.

690
01:17:01,000 --> 01:17:06,000
Will we be a species of immortals? Next on Cytings.

691
01:17:06,000 --> 01:17:08,000
Cytings.

692
01:17:21,000 --> 01:17:26,000
Planned obsolescence. It's built into most of the machinery of the 20th century.

693
01:17:26,000 --> 01:17:32,000
And let's face it, it's built into us too. No one lives forever. At least not yet.

694
01:17:37,000 --> 01:17:47,000
Some people as they're getting older think that maybe if I freeze my body, then 100 years from now, a cure will be found for cancer.

695
01:17:47,000 --> 01:17:50,000
This could be your body in the next century.

696
01:17:50,000 --> 01:17:57,000
It's a practice as old as the ancient Egyptians who used mummification to preserve the physical body for the next life.

697
01:17:57,000 --> 01:18:01,000
Now, the preferred method is cryonics, chemical freezing.

698
01:18:01,000 --> 01:18:06,000
But the goal is the same, to make death nothing more than an intermission between lives.

699
01:18:06,000 --> 01:18:16,000
If an animal can be created from a few spare cells today, surely in the future we will discover how to duplicate, perhaps even reanimate, ourselves.

700
01:18:16,000 --> 01:18:22,000
You're looking at the body of a 50-year-old man who is just moments ago been pronounced dead of colon cancer.

701
01:18:22,000 --> 01:18:30,000
And these people are medical personnel from the American Cryonic Society, with whom he contracted to be frozen.

702
01:18:30,000 --> 01:18:39,000
Right here, in his own living room. Alerted by cell phone, they have arrived within moments of his death to begin the process of cryonic preservation.

703
01:18:39,000 --> 01:18:49,000
Sirius' consideration of cryonics first began in the 1960s, when research scientists experimented with the reanimation of frozen organisms.

704
01:18:49,000 --> 01:18:59,000
Early success with insects led to similar successes with frogs, then hamsters, then dogs, bolstering the notion that the same process could also work for humans.

705
01:18:59,000 --> 01:19:04,000
In the 1980s, frozen embryos became living, breathing babies.

706
01:19:04,000 --> 01:19:11,000
Furthering the cause, cryonics is a viable method of not just preservation, but perhaps also suspended animation.

707
01:19:14,000 --> 01:19:19,000
Research scientist Ralph Merkel is one of the leading advocates for the cryonics movement.

708
01:19:22,000 --> 01:19:28,000
I think that's one of the major misconceptions that people have about cryonics is, cryonics is freezing dead people.

709
01:19:28,000 --> 01:19:34,000
And the answer is no, we're freezing people, and whether or not they're dead remains to be seen.

710
01:19:34,000 --> 01:19:38,000
If in fact they can be revived, then in fact they were never dead.

711
01:19:39,000 --> 01:19:44,000
Today's medical technology often can't keep us alive, let alone healthy.

712
01:19:44,000 --> 01:19:53,000
Cryonic suspension is an imperfect method of preserving ourselves into the future, when there will be a technology, a medical technology,

713
01:19:53,000 --> 01:19:59,000
able both to reverse the damage caused by the cryonics suspension and to restore good health.

714
01:20:00,000 --> 01:20:05,000
To live forever, that's certainly my goal, and I think that's the goal.

715
01:20:05,000 --> 01:20:14,000
Well, it's very least to extend our life spans as far into the future as possible, and with a lot of luck and with a lot of research, that just might be forever.

716
01:20:14,000 --> 01:20:16,000
But cryonics is only a life then.

717
01:20:16,000 --> 01:20:22,000
Cryonics will get the patient who is dying today to the medical technology of the future.

718
01:20:24,000 --> 01:20:30,000
We are watching the patient being packed in ice as the cooling down process is begun.

719
01:20:31,000 --> 01:20:33,000
In this first stage he will be ventilated.

720
01:20:34,000 --> 01:20:43,000
Medications such as anticoagulants, antioxidants and other drugs, his temperature, blood gases, and so on will be constantly monitored.

721
01:20:43,000 --> 01:20:49,000
And his blood will gradually be pumped out and replaced with water-based coolants.

722
01:20:50,000 --> 01:21:00,000
The freezing of an entire human body using 20th century technology is laborious, expensive, and say some cryonics researchers, completely unnecessary.

723
01:21:01,000 --> 01:21:04,000
There's a lot of choices on how one can be frozen.

724
01:21:04,000 --> 01:21:08,000
The cheapest way to be frozen is by going head-only.

725
01:21:08,000 --> 01:21:19,000
And since we're pretty sure that almost everything that makes us up is contained within our head, memories, personality, and such stuff, growing a new body shouldn't be that hard.

726
01:21:20,000 --> 01:21:26,000
For example, you know about dolly, and that was a case where a single cell was used to grow a whole animal again.

727
01:21:27,000 --> 01:21:31,000
So single cells have got all the information that you need to grow a new copy of yourself.

728
01:21:31,000 --> 01:21:37,000
I'm personally signed up for the economy job, which involves head-only.

729
01:21:38,000 --> 01:21:46,000
But most of the people that I've helped freeze, their bodies were in such bad shape that that's probably building them a new one is a good idea.

730
01:21:49,000 --> 01:21:59,000
Over a period of up to a week, the patient's temperature will gradually be lowered as he is placed in a series of tanks and cooling boxes filled with liquid nitrogen.

731
01:22:00,000 --> 01:22:07,000
Ultimately, all his blood will be washed out and replaced by a combination of medically treated coolant liquids and ice.

732
01:22:08,000 --> 01:22:19,000
And finally, encased in a tube, he will be lowered into his permanent resting place in this vacuum vault, which will then be placed underground to await the day he returns to life.

733
01:22:20,000 --> 01:22:24,000
I certainly wouldn't pay to be cryogenically preserved.

734
01:22:25,000 --> 01:22:30,000
Even supposing it was possible to reanimate people, which I very much doubt.

735
01:22:31,000 --> 01:22:35,000
Why should the people that have taken your money go to the butter?

736
01:22:36,000 --> 01:22:46,000
And even if one was broad-round, one would have lost all the electrical activity in the brain and probably much of one's memory and personality.

737
01:22:46,000 --> 01:22:56,000
So your body may come back, but your consciousness, your essence may not, and you will have no idea what scientists are doing with your cells.

738
01:22:57,000 --> 01:23:04,000
In the future, with molecular manufacturing, we'll be able to arrange the atoms exactly as we want and precisely the pattern we want.

739
01:23:05,000 --> 01:23:06,000
It's called nanotechnology.

740
01:23:07,000 --> 01:23:17,000
It's a technology of the near future that will work at the molecular level and has the potential to create nearly anything by the structural rearrangement of atomic matter.

741
01:23:18,000 --> 01:23:26,000
Is it even possible to imagine what could be created from a rearrangement of the protons, neutrons, and electrons that used to be you?

742
01:23:27,000 --> 01:23:31,000
Disease and ill health are caused by damage at the molecular and cellular level.

743
01:23:31,000 --> 01:23:35,000
Today's surgical tools are very large and crude at that level.

744
01:23:36,000 --> 01:23:42,000
But in the future, we'll be able to make surgical tools that are molecular, both in their size and precision.

745
01:23:43,000 --> 01:23:49,000
And for the first time, we'll be able to intervene at the level where the damage actually occurs and correct that damage.

746
01:23:50,000 --> 01:23:57,000
One thing you might be able to do in the future would be to have a fleet of very small molecular-sized machines that you inject into the body.

747
01:23:57,000 --> 01:24:03,000
They'd circulate through the tissues and when they found something that was wrong, they would correct it.

748
01:24:04,000 --> 01:24:07,000
This will create a revolution in our medical capabilities.

749
01:24:08,000 --> 01:24:10,000
Nanotechnology is the reason I got into crannics.

750
01:24:11,000 --> 01:24:17,000
I had this view of crannics, which I'd known about for a very long time, as being like a frozen tomato.

751
01:24:18,000 --> 01:24:22,000
When you defrosted it, it would just be fall to pieces into a total mush.

752
01:24:22,000 --> 01:24:31,000
But then, when you start dealing with things like nanotechnology, it's no big deal to go in and seal up all the cell walls.

753
01:24:32,000 --> 01:24:36,000
You're dealing with tools which are so small that a cell is enormous by comparison.

754
01:24:37,000 --> 01:24:40,000
The laws of physics say that molecular machines are possible.

755
01:24:41,000 --> 01:24:43,000
It may be incredibly difficult, but possible.

756
01:24:44,000 --> 01:24:51,000
And that's why some people rely on nanotechnology to solve all the problems that we cannot solve with any other technology.

757
01:24:52,000 --> 01:24:57,000
However, my attitude is, let me see it. I'll believe it when I see it.

758
01:24:58,000 --> 01:25:03,000
But, more than the cryonists, playing the waiting game won't do you any good when you're dead.

759
01:25:04,000 --> 01:25:09,000
Unless, of course, you're waiting in a stainless steel tube in some freezing suspension.

760
01:25:11,000 --> 01:25:16,000
I know several people who have arranged for their future cryonic suspension.

761
01:25:17,000 --> 01:25:22,000
I think the odds are getting good enough so that it's almost sort of worth it.

762
01:25:23,000 --> 01:25:28,000
I consider the whole enterprise to be rather immature at this point, and yet I'm glad they are doing it.

763
01:25:29,000 --> 01:25:32,000
Because ten years from now, I will very likely change my mind.

764
01:25:33,000 --> 01:25:38,000
Because someone is doing the foolish early experiments, we may all benefit.

765
01:25:39,000 --> 01:25:41,000
So I'm glad they're out there doing what they're doing.

766
01:25:42,000 --> 01:25:45,000
Even though I think they're nuts.

767
01:25:47,000 --> 01:25:51,000
They're one of two possibilities. Either cryonics works, or it does not.

768
01:25:52,000 --> 01:25:56,000
And either you sign up for cryonics suspension, or you don't.

769
01:25:57,000 --> 01:26:06,000
Now, if you sign up and it works, then you will be able to see a future world with remarkable advances in technology.

770
01:26:07,000 --> 01:26:14,000
If you don't sign up or it doesn't work, well, that's pretty much the same as the current situation.

771
01:26:17,000 --> 01:26:23,000
Next on Sightings, a future with limitless possibilities of hope and great advances for humanity.

772
01:26:24,000 --> 01:26:28,000
This is the most fascinating moment in the history of this planet.

773
01:26:37,000 --> 01:26:43,000
In an uncertain future, apocalypse is easy.

774
01:26:44,000 --> 01:26:48,000
It's human nature to hope for the best and expect the worst.

775
01:26:49,000 --> 01:26:56,000
To put it in the context of our shared future, people are just not programmed to unconditionally embrace the unknown.

776
01:27:07,000 --> 01:27:21,000
The reason this millennium is different from other millennial expectations in the past is that technology can now actually deliver extinction or transformation to the human race.

777
01:27:22,000 --> 01:27:27,000
It no longer is something we talk about. It's something some of us are doing.

778
01:27:31,000 --> 01:27:35,000
We have indeed reached the crossroads of humanity and technology.

779
01:27:36,000 --> 01:27:40,000
And that's how the world becomes which way to return at this millennial intersection.

780
01:27:41,000 --> 01:27:52,000
I have predicted and I have laid down bets on this that by the year 2020, we will have a worldwide crisis that will threaten the existence of the human species.

781
01:27:53,000 --> 01:28:00,000
If the computer revolution just goes on in the way it's going on, human species is probably doomed by 2020.

782
01:28:00,000 --> 01:28:04,000
This is a different kind of doomsday scenario from those of the past.

783
01:28:05,000 --> 01:28:10,000
The four horsemen of the apocalypse are now named greed, power, fear and technology.

784
01:28:11,000 --> 01:28:18,000
And the world will be increasingly divided between the haves and have-nots, those who have access and those who do not.

785
01:28:19,000 --> 01:28:21,000
Societies are being torn apart.

786
01:28:21,000 --> 01:28:32,000
Stable countries that have held together for centuries are now just collapsing under the pressure of a global economy that is driven by the computer.

787
01:28:33,000 --> 01:28:40,000
We are at war. The society that we're living in is ever expanding in order so that it can function.

788
01:28:41,000 --> 01:28:47,000
And that's a war. And at the edges of that war are indigenous people all over the world who are struggling for their own sustainability against it.

789
01:28:47,000 --> 01:28:50,000
And it's pushing, pushing out.

790
01:28:51,000 --> 01:28:53,000
Man is being destroyed by his machines.

791
01:28:54,000 --> 01:28:58,000
Man is using chaos and the division of races to destroy himself.

792
01:28:59,000 --> 01:29:04,000
Today we humans divide everything because we think we are better than the one who created everything.

793
01:29:05,000 --> 01:29:10,000
Clearly it's naive to imagine that humanity can ever turn back the clock.

794
01:29:10,000 --> 01:29:17,000
But in the post-computer age, it's well to remember that human innovation is still no match for the awesome power of nature.

795
01:29:18,000 --> 01:29:22,000
We will always be at the mercy of hurricanes, floods and earthquakes.

796
01:29:23,000 --> 01:29:29,000
So respecting the planet's ultimate domination, says Don Sanchez, will be our salvation.

797
01:29:33,000 --> 01:29:38,000
All the modern technology that man has today doesn't do any good when it comes to predicting earthquakes.

798
01:29:38,000 --> 01:29:42,000
And all things made by this technology gets destroyed.

799
01:29:49,000 --> 01:30:00,000
And in the midst of rampant technological advancement, there are signs that even the most ardent supporters of a plugged-in universe still crave a primal human connection.

800
01:30:00,000 --> 01:30:13,000
At the Burning Man Festival in Nevada, techno junkies turn in their computers and forsake their internet connections for one weekend a year to create a bizarre world that may be a window on the future.

801
01:30:14,000 --> 01:30:21,000
Is this the need for human contact in a world of isolation or the first signs of a world gone mad?

802
01:30:22,000 --> 01:30:29,000
In Burning Man you can see that there's actually the evolution of genuine eccentricity, you know, genuine surrealism happening.

803
01:30:30,000 --> 01:30:37,000
The ability of individuals to be able to encompass that is probably the primary hope of evolution.

804
01:30:38,000 --> 01:30:46,000
An evolution where human beings are still participants rather than just play things or pets for the machine overlords.

805
01:30:50,000 --> 01:30:53,000
We must help all others to evolve to a higher level.

806
01:30:54,000 --> 01:30:59,000
I believe that we are finishing the three stages of man and we are evolving to a super man.

807
01:31:01,000 --> 01:31:09,000
From a shaman on an Andean mountain top to a researcher developing intelligent robots, the message is the same.

808
01:31:10,000 --> 01:31:16,000
We are on the cusp of a new era and attention must be paid to where we're going before we get there.

809
01:31:17,000 --> 01:31:26,000
So I don't think people will be much different in 30 to 40 years, but 150 to 200 years is another matter.

810
01:31:26,000 --> 01:31:29,000
We might not recognize ourselves.

811
01:31:30,000 --> 01:31:43,000
Historians of the future looking back will say, oh what a wonderful time it was when humanity made the transition from being passive observers of nature to active choreographers of nature.

812
01:31:44,000 --> 01:31:55,000
Science and technology have led us into places that we haven't seen before and we need to take that very seriously and look at what we think the consequences and moral import of the very existence of nature.

813
01:31:56,000 --> 01:32:01,000
And we can do that and be excited and afraid and I think we should be both.

814
01:32:02,000 --> 01:32:15,000
We should be not scared but exalted, excited, fascinated. This is the most fascinating moment in the history of this planet. This is payday that we're talking about.

815
01:32:15,000 --> 01:32:28,000
To be sure the merging of humans and machines raises profound and for some frightening questions about who or what will be in control of the future.

816
01:32:29,000 --> 01:32:34,000
But in a strange way, the more we come to depend on technology, the more human we become.

817
01:32:35,000 --> 01:32:38,000
Let the computers of the world calculate, sort and copy.

818
01:32:38,000 --> 01:32:45,000
We can practice compassion, explore our own creativity and play baseball.

819
01:32:46,000 --> 01:32:50,000
For this special edition of Sightings, I'm Tim White.

820
01:32:50,000 --> 01:33:08,000
Tomorrow, don't miss an all new Sci-Fi Channel Special. He has been described as one of the 20th Century's most important science fiction writers.

821
01:33:09,000 --> 01:33:16,000
Meet the prolific, the influential, the always controversial Harlan Ellison on Masters of Fantasy at 10am Eastern.

822
01:33:16,000 --> 01:33:25,000
Now, programmed for pleasure, reprogrammed to kill, the high-tech combatants of a futuristic theme park have gone offline.

823
01:33:26,000 --> 01:33:29,000
It's time to bring in the Outsider next.